Question 1-8
When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth in 1864， there were many conflicting theories about the nature of the Earth's interior. Some geologists thought that it contained a highly compressed ball of incandescent gas， while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells， each made of a different material. Today， well over a century later， there is still little direct evidence of what lies beneath our feet. Most of our knowledge of the Earth's interior comes not from mines or boreholes， but from the study of seismic waves - powerful pulses of energy released by earthquakes.
The way that seismic waves travel shows that the Earth's interior is far from uniform. The continents and the seabed are formed by the crust - a thin sphere of relatively light， solid rock. Beneath the crust lies the mantle， a very different layer that extends approximately halfway to the Earth's center. There the rock is the subject of a battle between increasing heat and growing pressure.
In its high levels， the mantle is relatively cool； At greater depths， high temperatures make the rock behave more like a liquid than a solid. Deeper still， the pressure is even more intense， preventing the rock from melting in spite of a higher temperature.
Beyond a depth of around 2，900 kilometers， a great change takes place and the mantle gives way to the core. Some seismic waves cannot pass through the core and others are bent by it. From this and other evidence， geologists conclude that the outer core is probably liquid， with a solid center. It is almost certainly made of iron， mixed with smaller amounts of other elements such as nickel.
The conditions in the Earth's core make it a far more alien world than space. Its solid iron heart is subjected to unimaginable pressure and has a temperature of about 9，000oF. Although scientists can speculate about its nature， neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.
1. The word "conflicting" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
（A） controlling
（B） outdated
（C） opposing
（D） important
2. What is today's richest source of information about the Earth's interior for geologists？
（A） Boreholes
（B） Shells
（C） Seismic waves
（D） Mines
3. The word "There" in line 16 refers to the
（A） mantle
（B） crust
（C） seabed
（D） Earth's center.
4. Which of the following is a primary characteristic of the Earth's mantle？
（A） Light， solid rock
（B） Uniformity of composition
（C） Dramatically increasing pressure
（D） Compressed， incandescent gas
5. The phrase "gives way to" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
（A） runs along
（B） rubs against
（C） turns into
（D） floats on
6. The word "it" in line 26 refers to
（A） mantle
（B） core
（C） change
（D） depth
7. Why does the author state in line 30-31 that the Earth's core is "more alien" than space？
（A） Government funds are not available to study the Earth's core.
（B） Scientists aren't interested in the characteristics of the Earth's core.
（C） It is impossible to go to the Earth's core to do research.
（D） The Earth's core is made of elements that are dangerous to humans.
8. The word "speculate" in line 33 is closest in meaning to
（A） report
（B） learn
（C） worry
（D） hypothesize
Question 9-20
Despite the road improvements of the turnpike era （1790- 1830）。 Americans continued as in colonial times to depend wherever possible on water routes for travel and transportation. The larger rivers， especially the Mississippi and the Ohio， became increasingly useful as steamboats grew in number and improved in design.
River boats carried to New Orleans the corn and other crops of northwestern farmers， the cotton and tobacco of southwestern planters. From New Orleans， ships took the cargoes on to eastern seaports. Neither the farmers of the west nor the merchants of the east were completely satisfied with this pattern of trade. Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternative existed of sending them directly eastward to market and merchants could sell larger quantities of their manufactured goods if these could be transported more directly and more economically to the west.
New waterways were needed. Sectional jealousies and constitutional scruples stood in the way of action by the federal government and necessary expenditures were too great for private enterprise. If extensive canals were to be dug， the job would be up to the various states.
New York was the first to act. It had the natural advantage of a comparatively level route between the Hudson River and Lake Erie， through the only break in the entire Appalachian Mountain chain. Yet the engineering tasks were imposing. The distance was more than 350 miles and there were ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate. The Erie Canal begun in 1817 and completed in 1825， was by far the greatest construction job that Americans had ever undertaken. It quickly proved a financial success as well. The prosperity of the Erie encouraged the state to enlarge its canal system by building several branches. The range of the New York canal system was still further extended when the states of Ohio and Indiana， inspired by the success of the Erie Canal， provided water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.
9. What does the passage suggest was the principal route for transporting crops to the east prior in 1825？
（A） River to road
（B） Canal to river
（C） River to ocean
（D） Road to canal.
10.It can be inferred from the passage that shipping cargo east by way of New Orleans was
（A） Advantageous for manu factures
（B） Inexpensive for merchants
